By the Middle Ages Paris was really beginning to take shape; and with the building of Notre-Dame Cathedr al and the Sorbonne University as the city had already established itself as France's intellectual and spiritual hub. The Hundred Years war put the brakes on Paris ' economic development and after defeat at Agincourt the English took control of the city in 1420. English influence was to be short lived and within a decade a teenage upstart named Joan of Arc was well on her way to seeing off the Brits for good.

The Parisian post-card industry owes a debt of gratitude to the Renaissance, which saw many of the city's landmarks built. Meanwhile religious tensions flared between the protestant Huguenots and the Catholics sparking the bloody Wars of Religion.

With the ascension of Louis XIV to the throne in 1643 (at the worldly age of five) time was running out for the monarchy. Louis' lavish spending spree came to an end on July 14th 1643 with the storming of the Bastille prison triggering the French Revolution. Napoleon saw the ensuing mayhem as an opportunity to seize power and as a springboard to Empire building.

Greed led to Napoleon overstretching himself and defeat on his eastern Russian front. Years later Napoleon III would suffer a similar fate at the hands of the Prussians, although he did manage to give Paris an impressive neo-classical facelift first. With Napoleon III locked up in a Prussian jail the city took to the streets and the third republic was bloodily formed.

La belle époque saw Paris flourish as an artistic hub, and the Left Bank gave birth to first Dadaism then Surrealism. Come the onset of WWII the occupying Nazis had little time for the avant-garde and creative Paris was squashed under the Nazi jackboot until the allies liberated the city in 1944.